Missing payments on student loans can severely impact your credit. However, the more time that passes, the less of an effect that these missed payments should have on your credit overall.
Additionally, while student loan debt won’t ever go away, there could come a point where your creditors will stop trying to collect on your past-due loans. This limited period that lenders have to take you to court to recoup the debt is called a statute of limitations.
When does private student loan debt fall off your credit report?
While there’s no statute of limitations for federal student loans, a private student loan that has passed the statute of limitations is considered a time-barred debt — meaning the lender can’t sue you to collect the money.
The statute of limitations for private student loans generally ranges from three to 10 years, depending on your state.
Just keep in mind that if you do anything to acknowledge the old debt — even making one payment or acknowledging the debt as yours — the clock can restart, and the statute of limitations will begin again.
Do private student loans go away after seven years?
Private student loans don’t go away unless you pay them off, but in most cases, they’ll fall off your credit report after seven years.
But keep in mind that lenders can still contact you to collect an old debt, even if it’s decades old and they can no longer take you to court over it.
Are private student loans forgiven after 20 years?
Unfortunately, only federal student loans are eligible for student loan forgiveness programs — private student loans don’t qualify.
Tip:
While private student loan forgiveness doesn’t exist, there are other options that could help you more easily repay your private student loans.
For example, you might be able to lower your student loan interest rate through refinancing, which could save you money on interest charges and even help you pay off your loan faster.
Learn More: When Student Loan Refi Is a Good Idea and When to Reconsider
State-by-state list of statute of limitations on debt collection
Every state has its own statute of limitations for private student loans and other debts. Here are the statutes of limitations for each of them:
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| 10
(15 years for contracts entered on or before July 15, 2014) |
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What happens if you default on student loans?
Student loans are considered delinquent immediately after a payment is missed. After missing enough payments in a row, you could end up in student loan default.
Most federal student loans go into default after 270 days. For private student loans, the default terms can vary depending on the loan — many private lenders will consider a loan to be in default after 120 days.
Defaulting on your student loans causing a range of issues, including:
- Repayment acceleration: If your loans are in default, the entire unpaid balance could become due rather than your usual monthly payments.
- Damage to your credit score: Your payment history is one of the biggest factors that make up your credit score. If you miss a student loan payment or miss enough payments to end up in default, your credit score could be severely damaged.
- Limited access to credit in the future: Defaulting on a student loan could make it difficult to get approved for other types of credit, such as auto loans or mortgages. Additionally, being in default on a federal student loan will make you ineligible for federal financial aid.
- Could be sent to collections: Your lender could send your loan to collections, after which debt collectors will start contacting you in an attempt to collect. You might also be charged collection fees, adding to your overall loan cost.
- Could be taken to court: If you default on a private student loan, your lender could take you to court, charge you the unpaid balance, and require you to pay any associated court costs.
- Consequences for your cosigner: A cosigner shares responsibility for the loan — so if you miss payments or end up in default, your cosigner’s credit could be damaged, and they’ll likely be on the hook for repayment.
Can wages be garnished for private student loans?
Yes, your wages can be garnished if you default on private or federal student loans.
- Private student loans: To garnish your wages, private lenders have to sue you and obtain a court judgment. If the wage garnishment is approved, you could have up to 25% of your pay withheld. Lenders might also get a court judgment to seize your assets or place liens on your property.
- Federal student loans: The government can withhold up to 15% of your pay to send to your loan holder.
In general, wage garnishment lasts until your student loan is paid off, settled, discharged, or otherwise removed from default status. In the case of private student loans, you might also be able to ask the court to stop the wage garnishment if you’re eligible for an exemption.
Can you discharge student loans through bankruptcy?
Getting your student loans discharged through bankruptcy is difficult but not impossible. To potentially have your loans discharged, you must:
- File for Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy
- File a separate action called an “adversary proceeding”
The court will then decide whether repaying your student loans would impose an undue hardship on you and your dependents. If the court rules in your favor, then some or all of your student loans could be discharged or modified with different terms — such as a lower interest rate.
Tip:
If you’re thinking about filing for bankruptcy, it’s a good idea to discuss your situation with a bankruptcy attorney. This way, you can be sure you make the right decision for your needs.
Learn More: How to Pay off Student Loans in 10 Years or Less
Should you refinance your student loans to save money?
If you’re struggling to repay your student loans, you might consider refinancing them. Through student loan refinancing, you’ll take out a new loan to pay off your old loans — leaving you with just one loan and payment to manage.
Depending on your credit, you might qualify for a lower interest rate through refinancing, which could save you money on interest and even help you repay the loan faster.
Or you could opt for a longer repayment term to lower your monthly student loan payment and lessen the strain on your budget — though keep in mind that this means you’ll pay more in interest over time.
Keep in mind: While you can refinance both federal and private student loans, refinancing federal student loans will cost you federal benefits and protections — such as access to income-driven repayment plans and student loan forgiveness programs.
If you decide to refinance your student loans, be sure to consider as many lenders as possible to find the right loan for your needs.
Advertiser DisclosureOverview
Brazos offers refinancing loans to Texas residents who have a bachelor’s degree or higher from an eligible school. There are no origination or application fees, and interest rates could be lower than what you find with other private lenders.
However, some borrowers may find that Brazos has relatively strict eligibility requirements. Borrowers must have a minimum income of $60,000 and a credit score of 720 or higher. If you can’t meet those minimums alone, you can add a cosigner that can be released after 24 on-time consecutive payments.
pros
- Five loan terms available
- Competitive rates
- Cosigner release
- No origination or application fees
- Autopay discount of 0.25 percentage points
cons
- Only available to Texas residents
- High minimum credit and income requirements
- Bachelor’s degree required
Loan terms
5, 7, 10, 15, or 20 years
Loan amounts
$10,000 minimum, up to $150,000 for bachelor degrees and $400,000 for graduate, medical, law, or other professional degrees
Cosigner release
Yes, after 24 on-time payments
Eligibility
Borrower must be a Texas resident and a U.S. citizen or permanent resident who has a bachelor’s degree or higher
Overview
The Rhode Island Student Loan Authority (RISLA) is a nonprofit lender offering student loan refinancing to borrowers across the U.S. You can refinance even if you didn't complete your degree, as long as you have at least $7,500 in student loan debt.
What makes RISLA unique is the flexibility it offers borrowers. If you're facing financial difficulties, RISLA provides income-based repayment options to help manage your payments. For added relief, you can access up to 24 months of forbearance, which is more than many lenders offer. If you return to graduate school, you can defer your payments for up to three years, giving you time to focus on your studies without worrying about loan payments.
pros
- Offers income-based repayment
- Generous payment relief options
- You can refinance without a degree
- Get a rate discount when you enroll in autopay
cons
- High minimum income requirement
- No cosigner release option
- Fewer repayment terms to choose from
- Does not offer variable rates
Loan amounts
$7,500 minimum up to of $250,000, depending on degree
Eligibility
Borrower or cosigner must meet credit requirements. Student must be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident and have used original student loans to attend an eligible degree-granting institution.
$5,000 up to the full balance
Overview
Undergraduate and graduate students can refinance their student loans with SoFi® if they meet eligibility requirements. You can prequalify for a loan in two minutes without affecting your credit score, and the lender offers both fixed and variable rates. Plus, SoFi offers unique benefits to its members, including access to networking events and financial advisers.
SoFi requires a minimum loan balance of $5,000 to refinance. You can add a cosigner to your application, and remove them after 24 consecutive on-time payments. You can find out your potential rate through prequalification, but the lender doesn't disclose its minimum credit score or income requirements.
pros
- Doesn’t charge loan prepayment, origination, application, or late payment fees
- Borrowers can get free financial planning advice, referral bonuses, and discounts
- Offers a wide range of repayment plans
cons
- Must have at least $5,000 in loans to refinance
- No cosigner release available
Loan terms
5, 7, 10, 15, or 20 years
Loan amounts
$5,000 up to full outstanding balance
Eligibility
Must be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident. Must have made 6 on-time payments in the past 6 months, with no record of default, delinquency, bankruptcy, or foreclosure in the last five years. Employment is required, or you must have a job offer starting within 90 days. Must also have attended a Title IV-eligible school.
$10,000 up to total refinance amount
Overview
ELFI offers student loan refinancing to borrowers who graduated with a bachelor's degree or higher. Borrowers can even refinance their parents' PLUS loans in their own name. Plus, each ELFI borrower gets paired with a student loan adviser to help them through the refinancing process.
While borrowers can add a cosigner to their application, they can't release that cosigner later on. ELFI also doesn't offer rate discounts, but borrowers can apply for a forbearance of up to 12 months if they're experiencing financial hardship.
pros
- Doesn’t charge application or origination fees
- Borrowers are assigned to a student loan adviser
- Student borrowers can refinance parent PLUS loans in their name
- Clear credit and income requirements
- Offers financial hardship forbearance of up to 12 months
cons
- Doesn’t offer any discounts
- Need at least a bachelor’s degree to refinance
- Doesn’t offer cosigner release
- Charges fees for late and returned payments
Loan terms
5, 7, 10, 15, or 20 years for student loan refinancing; 5, 7, or 10 years for parent loan refinancing
Loan amounts
Minimum of $10,000 with no set maximum.
Eligibility
Must be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident with a bachelor’s degree or higher. Must have at least $10,000 in student loans to refinance and a minimum credit history of 36 months.
Overview
LendKey is a marketplace that connects borrowers with more than 300 community banks and credit unions to find the best student loan refinancing options. Unlike most lenders, LendKey allows you to refinance your student loans while you're still in school, as long as you've earned at least an associate degree.
One of LendKey's biggest advantages is that it can help you compare multiple loan offers in one place. However, specific loan terms and eligibility requirements will vary by lender. Basic eligibility criteria include a minimum credit score of 680 and at least $5,000 in outstanding debt to refinance.
pros
- You can refinance with just an associate degree
- Can earn a $200 bonus for referring friends and family
- Lower your rate by a quarter of a percentage point with autopay
- No fees for applications or loan origination
cons
- Some lenders may require membership in a credit union or local bank
- Loan terms and qualifications vary by lender
Loan terms
5, 7, 10, 15, or 20 years
Cosigner release
Varies based on lender's terms
Eligibility
Must be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident and have already graduated with at least an associate degree from one of LendKey lenders’ eligible institutions.
Overview
EdvestinU offers student loan refinancing through Granite Edvance Corporation, a New Hampshire-based nonprofit. The lender stands out with competitive interest rates and flexible repayment terms for borrowers with strong credit.
To qualify, you'll need a credit score of at least 700 and an annual income of $30,000 for loans less than $100,000 or $50,000 for larger amounts. Unlike many lenders, EdvestinU lets you refinance without a degree or while still enrolled in school.
pros
- You can refinance without a degree or while enrolled in school
- Autopay rate discount available
cons
- High minimum credit score requirement
- Requires a higher minimum loan balance than some lenders
- Cosigner release requires 2 years of on-time payments
Eligibility
U.S. citizens or permanent residents who are at least 18 years old and reside in the U.S.
Overview
Citizens student loan refinancing is available to qualified borrowers who want to refinance at least $10,000.
Borrowers who earned undergraduate degrees can refinance as much as $300,000 in student loans. Those who borrowed for graduate or professional degrees can refinance from $500,000 to $750,000. Citizens refinancing loans are available with fixed or variable rates. Repayment terms are flexible, ranging from five to 20 years.
Medical residents can refinance student loans and only pay $100 per month for up to four years while completing residency or fellowship.
pros
- Range of repayment options between 5 and 20 years
- Offers prequalification with no impact on credit score
- Offers rate discounts for existing customers and autopay
cons
- Cosigners not eligible for release until after 36 payments are made
- Refinancing unavailable until you make 12 payments on your loans if you earned an associate degree or no degree at all
- Minimum loan amounts are higher than some other lenders
Loan terms
5, 7, 10, 15, or 20 years
Loan amounts
$10,000 minimum, with a maximum of $300,000 for bachelor’s degree or below; $500,000 for graduate degrees; and $750,000 for professional degrees
Eligibility
Must refinance at least $10,000 in student loans and be a U.S. citizen, permanent resident, or resident alien with a valid U.S. Social Security number. Must have earned at least a bachelor's degree to qualify.
Overview
INvestEd is a nonprofit based in Indiana that offers student loan refinancing to borrowers nationwide. It offers competitive rates and a discount for setting up autopay. INvestEd also allows cosigners to be released after 12 on-time payments, which is sooner than some other student loan refinancing lenders.
However, the most you can refinance through INvestEd is $250,000, less than what other lenders may allow. It also has strict credit and income requirements to qualify, or you'll need an eligible cosigner. INvestEd clearly defines its credit requirements before you apply, but you can't prequalify with a soft credit check.
pros
- Refinancing available even for non-degree holders
- Offers a one-quarter percentage point rate discount for autopay
- Deferment available while in school, military service or under financial hardship
- Will release cosigners after as few as 12 payments
cons
- Relatively low maximum refinance amount compared with some competitors
- Doesn’t offer prequalification to see rates before you apply
- No refinancing available for international students
- Parent loans cannot be refinanced in student’s name
Eligibility
U.S. citizens or permanent residents are eligible. Borrowers must meet minimum requirements including a FICO score of 670 or higher, annual income of $36,000, a debt-to-income ratio below 40% to 50%, a year of continuous employment, and no defaults or serious collection activities in recent years.
$10,000 up to the total amount
Overview
Massachusetts Educational Financing Authority (MEFA) is a student refinancing lender offering a wide range of options, including to borrowers who didn't finish school. Though the lender doesn't offer variable-rate options, its fixed-rate loans have competitive rates.
MEFA's mission is to provide affordable student loans, and it doesn't charge any fees. You must have at least $10,000 in student loans to refinance, and you must have made a minimum of six consecutive on-time payments over the last six months. Borrowers who are unable to qualify on their own can add a cosigner to their application.
pros
- You can refinance without having graduated
- Doesn’t charge fee
- Can prequalify to check your rate
cons
- Can’t release a cosigner
- Doesn’t have any discounts
- Can’t refinance parent student loans
- Doesn’t offer variable-rate loans
Loan amounts
$10,000 up to your total debt
Eligibility
Must be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident who is the primary borrower on education debt used to attend an eligible college or university. Must have made six on-time loan payments over the most recent six months. Must have no history of default or delinquency on education debt for the past 12 months and no history of bankruptcy or foreclosure in the past five years.
Overview
Brazos offers refinancing loans to Texas residents who have a bachelor’s degree or higher from an eligible school. There are no origination or application fees, and interest rates could be lower than what you find with other private lenders.
However, some borrowers may find that Brazos has relatively strict eligibility requirements. Borrowers must have a minimum income of $60,000 and a credit score of 720 or higher. If you can’t meet those minimums alone, you can add a cosigner that can be released after 24 on-time consecutive payments.
pros
- Five loan terms available
- Competitive rates
- Cosigner release
- No origination or application fees
- Autopay discount of 0.25 percentage points
cons
- Only available to Texas residents
- High minimum credit and income requirements
- Bachelor’s degree required
Loan terms
5, 7, 10, 15, or 20 years
Loan amounts
$10,000 minimum, up to $150,000 for bachelor degrees and $400,000 for graduate, medical, law, or other professional degrees
Cosigner release
Yes, after 24 on-time payments
Eligibility
Borrower must be a Texas resident and a U.S. citizen or permanent resident who has a bachelor’s degree or higher
Overview
The Rhode Island Student Loan Authority (RISLA) is a nonprofit lender offering student loan refinancing to borrowers across the U.S. You can refinance even if you didn't complete your degree, as long as you have at least $7,500 in student loan debt.
What makes RISLA unique is the flexibility it offers borrowers. If you're facing financial difficulties, RISLA provides income-based repayment options to help manage your payments. For added relief, you can access up to 24 months of forbearance, which is more than many lenders offer. If you return to graduate school, you can defer your payments for up to three years, giving you time to focus on your studies without worrying about loan payments.
pros
- Offers income-based repayment
- Generous payment relief options
- You can refinance without a degree
- Get a rate discount when you enroll in autopay
cons
- High minimum income requirement
- No cosigner release option
- Fewer repayment terms to choose from
- Does not offer variable rates
Loan amounts
$7,500 minimum up to of $250,000, depending on degree
Eligibility
Borrower or cosigner must meet credit requirements. Student must be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident and have used original student loans to attend an eligible degree-granting institution.
Loan Amounts
$5,000 up to the full balance
Overview
Undergraduate and graduate students can refinance their student loans with SoFi® if they meet eligibility requirements. You can prequalify for a loan in two minutes without affecting your credit score, and the lender offers both fixed and variable rates. Plus, SoFi offers unique benefits to its members, including access to networking events and financial advisers.
SoFi requires a minimum loan balance of $5,000 to refinance. You can add a cosigner to your application, and remove them after 24 consecutive on-time payments. You can find out your potential rate through prequalification, but the lender doesn't disclose its minimum credit score or income requirements.
pros
- Doesn’t charge loan prepayment, origination, application, or late payment fees
- Borrowers can get free financial planning advice, referral bonuses, and discounts
- Offers a wide range of repayment plans
cons
- Must have at least $5,000 in loans to refinance
- No cosigner release available
Loan terms
5, 7, 10, 15, or 20 years
Loan amounts
$5,000 up to full outstanding balance
Eligibility
Must be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident. Must have made 6 on-time payments in the past 6 months, with no record of default, delinquency, bankruptcy, or foreclosure in the last five years. Employment is required, or you must have a job offer starting within 90 days. Must also have attended a Title IV-eligible school.
Loan Amounts
$10,000 up to total refinance amount
Overview
ELFI offers student loan refinancing to borrowers who graduated with a bachelor's degree or higher. Borrowers can even refinance their parents' PLUS loans in their own name. Plus, each ELFI borrower gets paired with a student loan adviser to help them through the refinancing process.
While borrowers can add a cosigner to their application, they can't release that cosigner later on. ELFI also doesn't offer rate discounts, but borrowers can apply for a forbearance of up to 12 months if they're experiencing financial hardship.
pros
- Doesn’t charge application or origination fees
- Borrowers are assigned to a student loan adviser
- Student borrowers can refinance parent PLUS loans in their name
- Clear credit and income requirements
- Offers financial hardship forbearance of up to 12 months
cons
- Doesn’t offer any discounts
- Need at least a bachelor’s degree to refinance
- Doesn’t offer cosigner release
- Charges fees for late and returned payments
Loan terms
5, 7, 10, 15, or 20 years for student loan refinancing; 5, 7, or 10 years for parent loan refinancing
Loan amounts
Minimum of $10,000 with no set maximum.
Eligibility
Must be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident with a bachelor’s degree or higher. Must have at least $10,000 in student loans to refinance and a minimum credit history of 36 months.
Overview
LendKey is a marketplace that connects borrowers with more than 300 community banks and credit unions to find the best student loan refinancing options. Unlike most lenders, LendKey allows you to refinance your student loans while you're still in school, as long as you've earned at least an associate degree.
One of LendKey's biggest advantages is that it can help you compare multiple loan offers in one place. However, specific loan terms and eligibility requirements will vary by lender. Basic eligibility criteria include a minimum credit score of 680 and at least $5,000 in outstanding debt to refinance.
pros
- You can refinance with just an associate degree
- Can earn a $200 bonus for referring friends and family
- Lower your rate by a quarter of a percentage point with autopay
- No fees for applications or loan origination
cons
- Some lenders may require membership in a credit union or local bank
- Loan terms and qualifications vary by lender
Loan terms
5, 7, 10, 15, or 20 years
Cosigner release
Varies based on lender's terms
Eligibility
Must be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident and have already graduated with at least an associate degree from one of LendKey lenders’ eligible institutions.
Overview
EdvestinU offers student loan refinancing through Granite Edvance Corporation, a New Hampshire-based nonprofit. The lender stands out with competitive interest rates and flexible repayment terms for borrowers with strong credit.
To qualify, you'll need a credit score of at least 700 and an annual income of $30,000 for loans less than $100,000 or $50,000 for larger amounts. Unlike many lenders, EdvestinU lets you refinance without a degree or while still enrolled in school.
pros
- You can refinance without a degree or while enrolled in school
- Autopay rate discount available
cons
- High minimum credit score requirement
- Requires a higher minimum loan balance than some lenders
- Cosigner release requires 2 years of on-time payments
Eligibility
U.S. citizens or permanent residents who are at least 18 years old and reside in the U.S.
Overview
Citizens student loan refinancing is available to qualified borrowers who want to refinance at least $10,000.
Borrowers who earned undergraduate degrees can refinance as much as $300,000 in student loans. Those who borrowed for graduate or professional degrees can refinance from $500,000 to $750,000. Citizens refinancing loans are available with fixed or variable rates. Repayment terms are flexible, ranging from five to 20 years.
Medical residents can refinance student loans and only pay $100 per month for up to four years while completing residency or fellowship.
pros
- Range of repayment options between 5 and 20 years
- Offers prequalification with no impact on credit score
- Offers rate discounts for existing customers and autopay
cons
- Cosigners not eligible for release until after 36 payments are made
- Refinancing unavailable until you make 12 payments on your loans if you earned an associate degree or no degree at all
- Minimum loan amounts are higher than some other lenders
Loan terms
5, 7, 10, 15, or 20 years
Loan amounts
$10,000 minimum, with a maximum of $300,000 for bachelor’s degree or below; $500,000 for graduate degrees; and $750,000 for professional degrees
Eligibility
Must refinance at least $10,000 in student loans and be a U.S. citizen, permanent resident, or resident alien with a valid U.S. Social Security number. Must have earned at least a bachelor's degree to qualify.
Overview
INvestEd is a nonprofit based in Indiana that offers student loan refinancing to borrowers nationwide. It offers competitive rates and a discount for setting up autopay. INvestEd also allows cosigners to be released after 12 on-time payments, which is sooner than some other student loan refinancing lenders.
However, the most you can refinance through INvestEd is $250,000, less than what other lenders may allow. It also has strict credit and income requirements to qualify, or you'll need an eligible cosigner. INvestEd clearly defines its credit requirements before you apply, but you can't prequalify with a soft credit check.
pros
- Refinancing available even for non-degree holders
- Offers a one-quarter percentage point rate discount for autopay
- Deferment available while in school, military service or under financial hardship
- Will release cosigners after as few as 12 payments
cons
- Relatively low maximum refinance amount compared with some competitors
- Doesn’t offer prequalification to see rates before you apply
- No refinancing available for international students
- Parent loans cannot be refinanced in student’s name
Eligibility
U.S. citizens or permanent residents are eligible. Borrowers must meet minimum requirements including a FICO score of 670 or higher, annual income of $36,000, a debt-to-income ratio below 40% to 50%, a year of continuous employment, and no defaults or serious collection activities in recent years.
Loan Amounts
$10,000 up to the total amount
Overview
Massachusetts Educational Financing Authority (MEFA) is a student refinancing lender offering a wide range of options, including to borrowers who didn't finish school. Though the lender doesn't offer variable-rate options, its fixed-rate loans have competitive rates.
MEFA's mission is to provide affordable student loans, and it doesn't charge any fees. You must have at least $10,000 in student loans to refinance, and you must have made a minimum of six consecutive on-time payments over the last six months. Borrowers who are unable to qualify on their own can add a cosigner to their application.
pros
- You can refinance without having graduated
- Doesn’t charge fee
- Can prequalify to check your rate
cons
- Can’t release a cosigner
- Doesn’t have any discounts
- Can’t refinance parent student loans
- Doesn’t offer variable-rate loans
Loan amounts
$10,000 up to your total debt
Eligibility
Must be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident who is the primary borrower on education debt used to attend an eligible college or university. Must have made six on-time loan payments over the most recent six months. Must have no history of default or delinquency on education debt for the past 12 months and no history of bankruptcy or foreclosure in the past five years.
Meet the expert:
Dori Zinn
Dori Zinn is a personal finance journalist with over 10 years of experience. Her work has been featured by Huffington Post, Wirecutter, Bankrate, and CBS News.
