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Does Applying for a Loan Hurt Your Credit Score?

Learn how to minimize credit score damage when applying for a loan.

Author
By Jessica Walrack

Written by

Jessica Walrack

Freelance writer, Credible

Jessica Walrack is an experienced freelance writer who has spent more than 11 years in personal finance, with expertise on loans, insurance, banking, mortgages, credit cards, budgeting, and taxes. Her work has been published by CNN, CBS MoneyWatch, U.S. News & World Report, and USA Today.

Edited by Jared Hughes

Written by

Jared Hughes

Writer and editor

Jared Hughes has over eight years of experience in personal finance. He has provided insight to New York Post and and NewsBreak.

Reviewed by Meredith Mangan

Written by

Meredith Mangan

Senior editor

Meredith Mangan is a senior editor at Credible. She has more than 18 years of experience in finance and is an expert on personal loans.

Updated September 30, 2024

Editorial disclosure: Our goal is to give you the tools and confidence you need to improve your finances. Although we receive compensation from our partner lenders, whom we will always identify, all opinions are our own. Credible Operations, Inc. NMLS # 1681276, is referred to here as “Credible.”

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Credible takeaways

  • Applying for a new loan requires a hard inquiry that can hurt your credit score.
  • Most people only lose a maximum of five points from a single new hard credit inquiry.
  • Hard credit inquiries stay on your report for two years, but only tend to affect your score for a year.

While applying for new credit can cause damage to your credit score, the impact is typically small and easy to recover from. Multiple hard inquiries over a short period of time, however, can have a compounding effect. That’s why it’s best to gauge your options by prequalifying for a loan, if possible, before proceeding to a formal application.

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Applying for a loan and how it affects your credit score

When you apply for a loan, lenders will perform a hard credit inquiry to assess how likely you are to repay the amount on time. While hard credit inquiries do hurt your credit score, the impact is typically small. A single new hard inquiry causes most people’s scores to drop by five or fewer points, according to FICO.

However, the impact on your score will depend on the length and depth of your credit history. For example, if you only have one credit account that’s six months old, you may see a larger drop than someone with eight credit accounts and a 10-year credit history.

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Fast fact

Hard credit inquiries stay on your credit report for two years and impact your FICO score for one year.

How applying for a loan helps

While applying for a new loan will often cause your credit score to drop by a few points, it could also be a step toward building a strong credit profile. FICO, for example, uses five factors to calculate its credit scores. The “new credit” category that considers hard inquiries only accounts for 10% of your score. The other 90% depends on how you manage your credit accounts over time.

Here’s a look at the four other FICO score categories and how getting a loan can impact them:

  • Payment history (35%): The most important factor in your credit score is your payment history. This category looks at if and when you make your payments. On-time payments will help to improve your score over time.
  • Amounts owed (30%): As you pay down an installment loan, it will reduce the perceived risk you present to lenders and help show that you can be trusted to manage and repay the amount borrowed.
  • Length of credit history (15%): A loan with a term of several years can help to lengthen your credit history and show responsible behavior over a long period.
  • Credit mix (10%): Creditors like to see that you have the ability to successfully manage different types of credit, such as revolving credit or installment loans. A loan would add an installment credit account to your credit profile.

Making your loan payments as agreed can help you recover from the small initial dip in your score and improve it in the long run.

Keep Reading: How Does a Personal Loan Affect Your Credit Score?

How applying for a loan hurts

You’ll likely see a small decrease in your credit score once you apply for a loan. If you allow multiple lenders to process hard inquiries, it can cause more significant damage. To keep your perceived risk to lenders low and damage to your credit score at a minimum, you’ll want to be very careful about the hard inquiries you allow.

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Tip

Shop around first with lenders that allow you to prequalify with a soft credit check, which won’t affect your credit, before proceeding to a formal application that will result in a hard inquiry.

Rate shopping

Comparing interest rates, terms, and other loan factors is called rate shopping. Rate shopping helps you make an informed decision, but it can result in multiple hard credit inquiries, especially if done over a long period of time. Fortunately, both VantageScore and FICO allow for multiple inquiries to be made within a certain timeframe, but only count as a single inquiry. 

Older versions of the FICO scoring model, like VantageScore, count inquiries made for the same type of loan during a 14-day time period as a single credit inquiry, while newer FICO models count inquiries made within 45 days as a single inquiry. 

When looking for a loan, it's best to focus your search and confine rate shopping to the same two-week period to avoid hurting your credit. 

Prequalifying for a loan is a better alternative as it's a soft credit pull, which won't affect your credit. You can get a peek into what a lender might offer you before formally applying.

What to consider before applying

If you’re thinking about applying for a loan, here are a few things to consider.

  • Check your credit: Check your credit reports to ensure everything is accurate. Then, determine if you are in a good place to begin your loan search or if you should work on building your credit before applying. You can visit AnnualCreditReport.com for a free credit report.
  • Assess your budget: If you end up unable to keep up with your loan payments, it can cause a great deal of damage to your credit for as long as seven years. So check your budget to find out how much of your income you are comfortable allotting to a loan payment.
  • All lenders aren’t the same: Lenders vary greatly in the loan amounts, terms, annual percentage rates (APRs), and eligibility requirements they offer. If you’re turned down by one, it doesn’t mean you’ll be turned down by them all. Look for lenders that are a good match for your needs and situation.
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How to apply for a personal loan

Follow these steps to apply for a personal loan:

  1. Shop around and prequalify: To minimize hard inquiries and credit score damage, you can prequalify with some lenders before applying to get an estimate of the rates, loan amounts, and terms you may be eligible for. Prequalification is not an offer of credit, and your final rate may be different.
  2. Compare quotes: Compare quotes side-by-side to find the best fit for your situation. Consider the APR — which takes into account the interest rate and any upfront fees — repayment terms, loan amounts, and eligibility requirements.
  3. Complete and submit a full application: Complete the full application with your lender of choice and allow a hard inquiry.
  4. Review the loan contract: If approved, you can usually sign the contract online and have the funds sent to your bank account by the same or next business day, though this varies by lender and can take longer. Or, if not satisfied, you could apply with a different lender. 

Check Out: How and Where To Get a 500 Credit Score Loan

FAQ

What is the difference between a hard inquiry and a soft inquiry?

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Does applying for multiple loans affect your credit score?

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Can I minimize the impact of loan applications on my credit score?

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Meet the expert:
Jessica Walrack

Jessica Walrack is an experienced freelance writer who has spent more than 11 years in personal finance, with expertise on loans, insurance, banking, mortgages, credit cards, budgeting, and taxes. Her work has been published by CNN, CBS MoneyWatch, U.S. News & World Report, and USA Today.